08.22.19
With modern technology, NASA believes Mars is approximately nine months from Earth. Harvard researchers are trying to ensure that astronauts land safely on Mars and prevent muscle deconditioning from occurring since gravity is only 40% of Earth’s. Resveratrol, found in red wine, blueberries, apples, and peanuts, could be the solution. Published in Frontiers in Physiology, a study showed that resveratrol preserves muscle mass and strength in rats exposed to the wasting effects of simulated Mars gravity.
Space Supplements
When astronauts are in space, unchallenged by gravity, their muscles and bones weaken. Weight-bearing muscles are hit first and worst, like the soleus muscle in the calf.
"After just three weeks in space, the human soleus muscle shrinks by a third," said Marie Mortreux, lead author of the NASA-funded study at the laboratory of Seward Rutkove, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School. "This is accompanied by a loss of slow-twitch muscle fibers, which are needed for endurance."
To allow astronauts to operate safely on long missions to Mars, mitigating strategies will be needed to prevent muscle deconditioning.
"Dietary strategies could be key," Mortreux said. "Especially since astronauts traveling to Mars won't have access to the type of exercise machines deployed on the ISS,” she said.
A strong candidate is resveratrol, a compound commonly found in grape skin and blueberries that has been widely investigated for its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-diabetic effects.
"Resveratrol has been shown to preserve bone and muscle mass in rats during complete unloading, analogous to microgravity during spaceflight,” Montreux said. “So, we hypothesized that a moderate daily dose would help mitigate muscle deconditioning in a Mars gravity analogue, too."
Martian Rats
To mimic Mars gravity, the researchers used an approach first developed in mice by Mary Bouxsein, PhD, also at Beth Israel Deaconess, in which rats were fitted with a full-body harness and suspended by a chain from their cage ceiling. Thus, 24 male rats were exposed to normal loading (Earth) or 40% loading (Mars) for 14 days. In each group, half received resveratrol (150 mg/kg/day) in water; the others were given just water. Otherwise, they fed freely from the same chow. Calf circumference and front and rear paw grip force were measured weekly, and at 14 days the calf muscles were analyzed.
Resveratrol to the Rescue
The results of this study were as expected. The “Mars-condition” weakened the rats' grip and shrank their calf circumference, muscle weight, and slow-twitch fiber content. However, the resveratrol supplementation almost entirely rescued front and rear paw grip in the Mars rats, to the level of the non-supplemented Earth rats. In addition, resveratrol completely protected muscle mass (soleus and gastrocnemius) in the Mars rats, and in particular reduced the loss of slow-twitch muscle fibers. The protection was not complete, though: the supplement did not entirely rescue average soleus and gastrocnemius fibers cross-sectional area, or calf circumference. As previously reported, resveratrol did not affect food intake or total body weight.
Perfecting the Dose
Previous resveratrol research can explain these findings, Mortreux said.
"A likely factor here is insulin sensitivity,” she said. "Resveratrol treatment promotes muscle growth in diabetic or unloaded animals, by increasing insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in the muscle fibers. This is relevant for astronauts, who are known to develop reduced insulin sensitivity during spaceflight."
The anti-inflammatory effects of resveratrol could also help to conserve muscle and bone, and other antioxidant sources such as dried plums are being used to test this, Mortreux said.
"Further studies are needed to explore the mechanisms involved, as well as the effects of different doses of resveratrol (up to 700 mg/kg/day) in both males and females. In addition, it will be important to confirm the lack of any potentially harmful interactions of resveratrol with other drugs administered to astronauts during space missions."
Space Supplements
When astronauts are in space, unchallenged by gravity, their muscles and bones weaken. Weight-bearing muscles are hit first and worst, like the soleus muscle in the calf.
"After just three weeks in space, the human soleus muscle shrinks by a third," said Marie Mortreux, lead author of the NASA-funded study at the laboratory of Seward Rutkove, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School. "This is accompanied by a loss of slow-twitch muscle fibers, which are needed for endurance."
To allow astronauts to operate safely on long missions to Mars, mitigating strategies will be needed to prevent muscle deconditioning.
"Dietary strategies could be key," Mortreux said. "Especially since astronauts traveling to Mars won't have access to the type of exercise machines deployed on the ISS,” she said.
A strong candidate is resveratrol, a compound commonly found in grape skin and blueberries that has been widely investigated for its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-diabetic effects.
"Resveratrol has been shown to preserve bone and muscle mass in rats during complete unloading, analogous to microgravity during spaceflight,” Montreux said. “So, we hypothesized that a moderate daily dose would help mitigate muscle deconditioning in a Mars gravity analogue, too."
Martian Rats
To mimic Mars gravity, the researchers used an approach first developed in mice by Mary Bouxsein, PhD, also at Beth Israel Deaconess, in which rats were fitted with a full-body harness and suspended by a chain from their cage ceiling. Thus, 24 male rats were exposed to normal loading (Earth) or 40% loading (Mars) for 14 days. In each group, half received resveratrol (150 mg/kg/day) in water; the others were given just water. Otherwise, they fed freely from the same chow. Calf circumference and front and rear paw grip force were measured weekly, and at 14 days the calf muscles were analyzed.
Resveratrol to the Rescue
The results of this study were as expected. The “Mars-condition” weakened the rats' grip and shrank their calf circumference, muscle weight, and slow-twitch fiber content. However, the resveratrol supplementation almost entirely rescued front and rear paw grip in the Mars rats, to the level of the non-supplemented Earth rats. In addition, resveratrol completely protected muscle mass (soleus and gastrocnemius) in the Mars rats, and in particular reduced the loss of slow-twitch muscle fibers. The protection was not complete, though: the supplement did not entirely rescue average soleus and gastrocnemius fibers cross-sectional area, or calf circumference. As previously reported, resveratrol did not affect food intake or total body weight.
Perfecting the Dose
Previous resveratrol research can explain these findings, Mortreux said.
"A likely factor here is insulin sensitivity,” she said. "Resveratrol treatment promotes muscle growth in diabetic or unloaded animals, by increasing insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in the muscle fibers. This is relevant for astronauts, who are known to develop reduced insulin sensitivity during spaceflight."
The anti-inflammatory effects of resveratrol could also help to conserve muscle and bone, and other antioxidant sources such as dried plums are being used to test this, Mortreux said.
"Further studies are needed to explore the mechanisms involved, as well as the effects of different doses of resveratrol (up to 700 mg/kg/day) in both males and females. In addition, it will be important to confirm the lack of any potentially harmful interactions of resveratrol with other drugs administered to astronauts during space missions."
